3 Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses

3 Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses 3 Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses 3 Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses By Mark Nichol In every one of the sentences beneath, an expression that bolsters the principle provision of the announcement however ought to be particular from it comes up short on a basic component that distinguishes it as a subordinate statement: a comma isolating it from the fundamental proviso, in this way darkening the subordinate clause’s work. A conversation, trailed by a modification, discloses the answer for each sentence. 1. A slope over the parkway gave way giving the roadway rocks. â€Å"Showering the roadway with rocks† is a subordinate proviso portraying the result of the slope giving way, so the expression ought to be set off from the primary condition with a comma: â€Å"A slope over the interstate gave way, giving the roadway rocks.† 2. The main way you endure is you consistently change into something different. The change from is to you appears to be clumsy on the grounds that there’s no linguistic coherence; in appropriate discourse or composing, one basically doesn't utilize those two words successively. The arrangement? Since â€Å"The just way you endure is† is a subordinate statement, set it off from the principle proviso with a comma: â€Å"The just way you endure is, you ceaselessly change into something else.† Alternatively, embed the transitional pronoun that between the words, changing over the subordinate condition into a fundamental piece of the primary (and just) statement: â€Å"The just way you endure is that you consistently change into something else.† (Or reexamine the sentence to â€Å"The best way to endure is to persistently change into something else.†) 3. Item abandons that make a general wellbeing danger will in the end be presented to the light of day in the open field and, when they are, the organization follows through on the cost. From the start, this sentence may appear to be right: A clear incidental, â€Å"when they are,† is brought into the sentence after the combination, apparently adjusting the expression â€Å"the organization pays the price.† But that finishing up express is an autonomous condition a linguistically complete explanation that could remain all alone as a different sentence-and â€Å"and when they are† is certifiably not an incidental, yet a subordinate statement related with it. Along these lines, a comma ought to go before, not follow, the combination and, isolating the two free provisions. In any case, the subsequent comma remains where it is to isolate the statement subordinate to the second primary condition: â€Å"Product surrenders that make a general wellbeing peril will in the end be presented to the light of day in the open field, and when they are, the organization pays the price.† (â€Å"When they are† may seem to serve both as a subordinate proviso and as a bracket, however it is fundamental to the sentence, relating to the impetus for the company’s proper recompense, so it can't work in the last job.) Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Anyone versus EveryonePeople versus People

ICT Mathematics Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ICT Mathematics Project - Essay Example Midpoints The mean, middle and mode are the measures to decide the focal inclination of test information. As the informational collections are not assembled the mean is accomplished through adding all qualities (x) of the test information and separating by the all out number of qualities (n) for example 500. Thus the middle for ungrouped information is evaluated by finding the center estimation of the test information when orchestrated in climbing request. Mode for ungrouped information is found by spotting out the most happening estimation of the informational index. For this situation, mode for house is 146, while that for vehicle is 0. Table 1 Mean, Median and Mode of Raw Datasets House Car Mean 354.174 276481.878 Median 359 217174 Mode 146 0 Using mode we can realize which esteem for the most part contributes in the mean worth evaluated. Standard Deviation and Variation Mean, middle and mode give restricted data about the information. For example two informational collections hav ing a similar mean might be extensively separated in their incentive from each other. Along these lines, the proportions of Standard Deviation (s) and Variation (v) were utilized to evaluate how far each estimation of the dataset is from the mean of the dataset. The exclusive requirement deviation and fluctuation estimations of the vehicle information demonstrates the wide spread of information from the mean. The generally littler standard deviation and change estimation of the house shows that the information lies moderately close on either sides of the mean when contrasted with the vehicle. As the informational collections are ungrouped, the recipe utilized for assessing standard deviation was: Squaring the estimation of standard deviation gives us the Variation. Table 2 Variance and Standard Deviation of Raw Datasets House (in 10,000rmb) Car Variance 39872.45172 69623323280 Standard Deviation 199.6808747 263862.3188 Standard Deviation and Variance is utilized to comprehend what a typical worth is for an informational collection. For instance, utilizing the mean estimation of House from Table 1 (for example 354) and thinking about the above table, the estimation of 199 shows that all information esteems that create SD esteem as 199 are typical qualities. Any incentive outside this range is considered as an exception for example House estimation is either excessively low or excessively high. Range and IQR The mean, middle, mode, standard deviation and fluctuation can't demonstrate the spread of the information. Along these lines, Range and IQR are two proportions of spread. Through scope of house and vehicle, we would know the distinction of the least and most noteworthy qualities. In the event that we wish to know the middle of the center half of information, we would utilize the Interquartile Range. This particular rendition of range would reveal to us the distinction of the center estimations of the first and third parts (25th and 75th percentile) of the i nformation that is orchestrated in climbing request. Table 3 gives the range and IQR of the datasets. Table 3 Range and IQR of Raw Datasets  House Car Range 689 998897 Q1 180 72017.5 Q3 515 339674.75 IQR 335 267657.25 The estimation of Range of vehicle discloses to us the distinction of the most minimal and most elevated estimation of the whole informational index. IQR, then again, furnishes us with the scope of just the center half subset of the dataset. Distinction of the two measures from Standard Deviation is that as SD considers all information focuses, so the impact of any exception information focuses is represented also while evaluating the mean which is unwanted. With go the spread assessed is expected to incorporate the anomaly information focuses. With IQR, as just the center purposes of information parcels are thought of, the outrageous or anomaly information focuses are disregarded, not normal for the standard deviation. Disperse Plot of Raw

The Connection Between ADHD and Smoking

The Connection Between ADHD and Smoking ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD Print The Connection Between ADHD and Smoking By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 31, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Diverse Images/Universal Images Group/Getty Images Teenagers and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to smoke cigarettes and become nicotine-dependent than their peers who do not have ADHD.?? They are also more likely to start smoking at an earlier age and have a more difficult time successfully quitting as compared to the general population. This is obviously a public health concern because the regular use of cigarettes is associated with a host of negative health consequences. In addition, for many people, cigarette use can be a gateway to drug use. Use of Smoking With ADHD There are a number of factors that seem to contribute to this risk for smoking/tobacco use by those with ADHD. Genetics may play a large role. Both ADHD and smoking are highly heritable. Studies have identified a number of similar genetic markers associated with both ADHD and smoking.?? These findings suggest that there are common neurobiological factors that may contribute to the development of ADHD and a persons risk for tobacco use. Studies that have examined the relationship between genes, smoking  and ADHD have shown that ADHD symptoms interact with genes to increase smoking risk. In addition, in utero smoking exposure may interact with genes to increase the odds of ADHD.?? Problems with impulse control might also explain why more teens and adults with ADHD are more likely to engage in risky habits such as smoking. ADHD can make it more difficult to look clearly to the future and take into account the negative health consequences of current actions. Though we dont understand fully all the mechanisms responsible, both neurobiological and behavioral factors seem to contribute to these higher rates of smoking in teens and adults with ADHD. ?? Social influences such as being exposed to smoking by family members and peers also raise this risk for cigarette use. Nicotine and Self-Medication Nicotine is a known central nervous system stimulant and appears to act on the brain in a similar way as the psychostimulantsâ€"methylphenidate and dextroamphetamineâ€"that are most commonly used to treat ADHD. For some people, nicotine (the primary addictive substance in tobacco) in cigarettes may serve as a form of self-medication for ADHD symptoms. A number of studies have found that nicotine can improve attention.?? Nicotine exerts beneficial effects on a range of processes know to be disrupted in individuals with ADHD, including attention, inhibitory control, and working memory, writes Dr. Scott Kollins, associate professor of psychiatry and medical psychology at the Duke University School of Medicine and director of the Duke ADHD Program.?? As such, it has often been proposed that those with ADHD are at heightened risk for smoking because of the beneficial effects of nicotine across a range of cognitive processes. It is possible that nicotine may help some smokers with ADHD compensate for their low levels of attention, arousal, and concentration. Additional research is needed in this area to more fully understand the effect of nicotine on symptoms of ADHD and how this might increase the  risk of smoking in teens and adults with ADHD. Reducing Risk for Smoking We know that people with ADHD smoke at rates that are significantly higher than their non-ADHD peer group. It is also suspected that smoking for those with ADHD may be linked to self-medication for ADHD symptoms.?? Therefore, it is possible that identifying and treating ADHD earlier may prevent the onset of smoking altogether. Studies show promise that treatment for ADHD may indeed contribute to a reduced risk of smoking in teens with ADHD.?? In one report, researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School conducted a two-year, prospective clinical trial of extended-release methylphenidate for smoking prevention in adolescents. They compared clinical trial subjects with ADHD receiving extended-release methylphenidate (Ritalin) with a sample of “naturalistic” adolescent ADHD subjects  â€" some of whom were receiving stimulants â€" as well as with adolescents who did not have ADHD. The smoking rate at the end of the study was significantly lower in ADHD subjects who were receiving stimulant treatment than it was in ADHD subjects who were not, and there was no significant difference between ADHD subjects receiving stimulant treatment and non-ADHD subjects.?? Although considered preliminary until replicated in future randomized clinical trials, the findings from this single-site, open-label study suggest that stimulant treatment may contribute to a decreased risk for smoking in adolescents with ADHD, said the researchers. If confirmed, this finding would have significant clinical and public health impacts. Future research is needed to help us better understand the link between ADHD and smoking so that more effective prevention and treatment strategies can be developed, particularly targeted prevention programs for youth with ADHD.

Construction of a Well-Informed Society Free Essay Example, 750 words

The Pedestrian is another futuristically set book by Bradbury which is based on the year 2053. The time has shown to be changed where the streets are empty and dark while the people spend their times on their couch watching television. As Leonard Mead walks the streets examining the dreariness of the atmosphere, he wonders which television show the people voluntarily restricted within their houses must be watching. As Mead continues to walk, he is overwhelmed by a flashing light and a voice from the police calls him. Then begins a conversation between the police and Mead which continues to grill him of archetypical profiling questions probing him about his family status, profession, and what he was doing on the street. Finally, Mead is taken in by the police, who takes him to a Psychiatric Center for Research on Regressive Tendencies (Bradbury, 2). The Pit and The Pendulum written by Edgar Allan Poe is based during the time of the Spanish Inquisition and provides a fictitious yet i nsightful story about a man who is to be punished. Although the means of his punishment is not known but the story presents a remarkably virtual tour of how the man is first placed inside a dark well where nothing could be seen. We will write a custom essay sample on Construction of a Well-Informed Society or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The book was written during World War II and was written about a time when Big Brother would be watching everyone and everyone would be under surveillance (Orwell, 1). Due to its relevance to the present times and is a far-seeing storyline, 1984 is a book I would like to memorize.

The Second Meditation Essay - 845 Words

The Second Meditation The first precept was never to accept a thing as true until I knew it as such without a single doubt. --Renà © Descartes Le Discours de la Mà ©thode, I In the First Meditation, Descartes invites us to think skeptically. He entices us with familiar occasions of error, such as how the size of a distant tower can be mistaken. Next, an even more profound reflection on how dreams and reality are indistinguishable provides suitable justification to abandon all that he previously perceived as being truth. (18, 19) By discarding all familiarity and assumptions, Descartes hopes to eliminate all possible errors in locating new foundations of knowledge. An inescapable consequence of doubting senses and prior beliefs†¦show more content†¦He cannot say that God exists, because there remains the possibility that his thoughts are in fact originating from himself (in which case there would be no need for God). Since he has abandoned all notions of existence and certainty, which includes his own body and senses, is it possible that he himself does not exist? To think a thought is bound to existence by definition; one must exist first be fore having the ability to think. Even if an all-powerful deceiver made it so that I do not exist, it would generate a contradiction since I cannot think that I exists if I dont. (25) Thinking about existing requires existence as a prerequisite. Descartes has arrived at his first truly tangible and useful element of truth: that it is necessarily true that he exists. The next task that Descartes must consider is to define what he is, and in doing so be careful not to make assumptions. He cannot consider himself to be an animal, since that would require a definition of what an animal is. Such an examination is beyond the discussion. (25) Instead of making random guesses, Descartes begins to think about what came to mind when he considered what he was. (25, 26) The first thought that occurs to him is that he has a body - something that by definition has a determinable shape, defined location and that can occupy space. However, if an all-powerful deceiver is at work, then that whichShow MoreRelatedDescartes Second Meditation732 Words   |  3 PagesDescartes Second Meditation In Descartes’ Second Meditation the key philosophical idea of â€Å"I think, therefore I am† is introduced and thus begins a new age in western philosophy. Some of the arguments Descartes provide in order to support his claims are that in order to doubt anything, you must be able to think and if you think, you exist. Descartes brings up the point that there may be no physical world, along with that thought comes the doubt of anything else being real, which againRead MoreA Summary of Descartes Second Meditation1016 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes starts by doubting everything (â€Å"I will suppose then, that everything I see is spurious†) and thinks that anything which admits the slightest doubt must be false. He attempts to find something which he is unable to doubt and if he cannot he must conclude He contends that he is not able to doubt his existence. Even if there is a deceiving god who is constantly deceiving him about the world, he still must exist, as he must exist in order to be deceived. (â€Å"I am, I exist†). He then triesRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s The Second Meditation 980 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Second Meditation, Rene Descartes begins to reevaluate everything he once thought to be true, due to our unreliable senses. He supports this statement by arguing that our senses often deceive us, that there is a separation between the mind and body and that reasoning should be the method of discovery. We typically use our senses to describe what an object is made up of. For example, if we are investigating a table, with our senses, we can tell by our vision that the table is there. WeRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy 1399 Words   |  6 Pagescouncillor and then as a court philosopher. Descartes book ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’ was first published in 1641. The edition used to write this essay was edited by John Cottingham and was published by the Cambridge University Press in 1996. Descartes was the first philosophy to be influenced by autonomy and physics and he also worked it all out for himself by not accepting the views of previous philosophers. Through the meditations, the meditator explores the ontological questions about beingRead MoreEssay on Altered States of Consciousness1003 Words   |  5 Pagesto relax. Your breathing becomes uneven, and your brain waves grow irregular. During the second stage, your brain waves occasionally shift from low aptitude, high frequency waves to high aptitude, low frequency waves. Your eyes then start to roll slowly back and forth. Thirty minutes into your sleep you enter stage three. In this stage, large-amplitude delta waves begin to sweep your brain about every second. Stage four is the deepest sleep a person gets into. Large regular delta waves occur aboutRead MoreThe Effects Of Meditation On The Mind And Body948 Words   |  4 Pagesalso have the ability to abolish such somatic pains with conscious efforts of mindfulness meditation on states of distress. Orme-Johnson, Schneider, Son, Nidich, and Cho (2006) hypothesized that transcendental meditation would have long-term effects on an individual’s physiological brain components responsible for pain management. The reduction of pain would be due to the reduction of distress through meditation that would also reduce the prefrontal cortex’s response to pain, and also a reduction ofRead MoreThe Four Noble Truths Of Buddhism760 Words   |  4 Pagesneither are we as humans. The second noble truth is the reason behind suffering which is a â€Å"craving† or (tanha). The Buddhists, like many believe that human beings are never truly satisfied. Most humans spend their whole lives trying to be successful but even when we do succeed there is still a void that we are trying to fill. Buddha believed that this â€Å"craving† comes from not knowing yourself. Buddha also believed that karma and rebirth are closely linked to the second noble truth. The third nobleRead MoreAnalysis Of Descartes s The Six Meditations 1272 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the six Meditations, Descartes comes to the conclusion that memories and dreams are deceptive and are not to be trusted. He discusses the existence of material objects, God, and himself. God exists and allows deception and Descartes’ ability to recognize that everything is false proves that he exists as well. He explains the difference between imagination and intellect, as well as the idea that the senses are deceptive and that knowledge comes from the mind and reason. Descartes’ belief inRead MoreRenà © Descartes and Thomas Hobbes Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterialism. Recently, Cartesian Dualism, and dualism in general has fallen out of favor as materialism arose as a more plausible and explanatory theory regarding the interrelationships between body and mind. The translation Descartes’ writing in the Meditations is far more cryptic than Hobbes’ writing in the Leviathan. Making it far easier to see Hobbes’ claims. Hobbes provides a reasonable explanation against dualism in his objections to Descartes, and in his Leviathan, provides background upon his reasoningRead MoreA Common Problem Today For Adolescent Christians1573 Words   |  7 Pagesthe three main focuses are meditation, service, and worship. Through the application of these three spiritual disciplines, the main goal is to enter a deeper, more intimate relation with Christ and to be shaped into the image of Christ. The first spiritual discipline is meditation. According to WordNet, â€Å"meditation is the continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature (WordNet).† In the Bible, meditation is a way for the believer

Broken Spears Free Essays

The Broken Spears â€Å"The Broken Spears† is a collection of many accounts of the destruction of Mexico by Cortes and the conquistadors in their invasion. The motive behind this conquest was Cortes’ desire to bring a fortune of gold, spices, and land that can be claimed, back to Spain. Although these desires were admirable, they were sought after at the expense of the Aztecs and consequently changed an entire civilization, due to an initial drive for power, control, land, and money. We will write a custom essay sample on Broken Spears or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cortez along with the Spaniards ultimately destroys the Aztecs in their quest for fortune and fame. The accounts are based on the Aztec’s perception of the invasion and include the revolt of the Aztec people that lead to the terror and the end of the Aztec civilization. The Spaniards first entrance into Tenochtitlan The novel begins with the description of a series of omens or premonitions, observed ten years prior, that was believed to be essential warnings of the coming invasion. The omens arouse many fearful and terrifying reactions. At the time, the meanings were unclear to the Natives. According to the text, â€Å"Montezuma consulted various seers and magicians to learn whether the omens meant an approaching war or some other crisis†, however the magicians could not advise him. Not soon after, according to the second chapter, there were reports that â€Å"the mountains bore a strange people who have very light skin. They all have long beards, and their hair comes only to their ears. † After much contemplation, Montezuma sent five messengers to greet the strangers and to bring them gifts believing that they might be Quetzalcoatl (God of learning and the wind) and other divinities returning to Mexico as they promised. 2:13)Montezuma gave specific instructions as to how to present the messengers and gifts to the strangers. The natives showed reverence to the strangers at their arrival by â€Å"touching the ground before him with their lips†. (25) However, Cortez in return gave orders to chain them by their necks and feet. When the messengers retur n, they inform Montezuma of the various firearms, animals, foods, and resources the Spaniard possessed, and he was astonished and terrified by their report. Montezuma’s attempts to keep the Spaniard away from the Tenochtitlan included everything from sending out magicians and warlocks hoping that they could harm the Spaniards with their magic, to sending out captives to be sacrificed in their presence. With each failed attempt to prevent the Spaniards from entering Tenochtitlan, came the rising fears of the â€Å"inevitable†. As the Spaniard began to inquire about Montezuma, he contemplated fleeing and escaping the â€Å"gods†. Due to Montezuma’s failed attempts, Cortez and the Spaniards decided to begin marching In-land, in their arrival to Tlaxcala and Cholula. One could argue that the invasion of these cities was due to the defiance and the fact that they would not surrender to Cortez’s control. During the march Cortez gained a larger army and allies. Once Cortez and the Spaniards reached the entrance of Tenochtitlan their march was complete. Montezuma then prepared to greet Cortez. According to the text, â€Å"He presented many gifts to the Captain and his commanders, those who had come to make war. He showered gifts upon them and hung flowers around their necks; he gave them necklaces of flowers and bands of flowers to adorn their breasts; he set garlands of flowers upon their heads. Then he hung the gold necklaces around their necks and gave them presents of every sort as gifts of welcome. † Not mentioned in the Broken Spears however, according to the Diaz document, Cortez offered Montezuma his right hand but Montezuma refused it. It also states that Cortez went to place fine a necklace on Montezuma’s neck, but his nephews stopped and refused him. The Spaniards seemed to portray a non confrontational notion, as if they arrived with pure intentions. The document’s perspective seems to contradict those of The Broken Spears. The document describes the Aztec’s conversion to Christianity as a peaceful one. It also states that Montezuma pronounces that â€Å"I am in debt and will give all I poses,† revealing that Montezuma willingly gave of his possessions and land. However, according to The Broken Spears, the Aztecs were tortured and terrorized. The Expulsion from Tenochtitlan (Spring 1520) After imprisoning Montezuma, the Spaniards begin to terrorize the city, causing commotion and inflicting fear into the natives. The terrorism that was taking place caused an uprising battles and massacres to take place. One example of the harshness inflicted on the Aztecs was the events that took place at a Fiesta. The Spaniard invaded the Fiesta, murdering many Aztecs and revealing the Spaniards did not abide by the Aztec rules or expectations of war. They were said to be reckless and extremely brutal, without respect or compassion. Preceding the surprise attack at the Fiesta, other attacks and retaliations arouse, such as the Night of Sorrow. The Aztecs no longer desired to follow Montezuma’s initial orders for non retaliation. They decided to take up arms and fight against the Spanish. In the attack at the Fiesta, they fought with broken spears and attacked with javelins and arrows. However the Aztecs came to the realization that enough blood was shed. Montezuma’s body was discovered and it was unclear as to his cause of death. Since the Aztec no longer catered to the Spaniards by providing them with food, shelter and supplies, Cortez realizes that they must leave the land. They planned to retreat at night, however the retreat was discovered. According to the text, â€Å"They attacked as the Spaniards were fleeing down the Tlacopan (now Tacuba) causeway, and the rout was so disastrous that it has been known ever since as â€Å"la noche triste,† the Night of Sorrows. Those who escaped the disaster found refuge in the nearby village of Teocalhueyacan, where they were welcomed as friends; but three-fourths of the army had perished in the retreat and in the siege that preceded it. The Aztecs benefited greatly from the fleeing of Spaniards. They gathered things that the Spaniard abandoned and claimed it for themselves. They collected weapons that had been left behind or had fallen into the canal-the cannons, swords, spears, bows and arrows-along with all the steel helmets, coats of mail and breast- plates, and the shields of metal, wood and hide. They recovered the gold ingots, the gold disks, the tubes of gold dust and the collars with their gold pe ndants. The violent recapture of Tenochtitlan (1521) The Aztecs were convinced that the Spaniard would never return. They began to rebuild the city and the temples, and celebrated in a victorious manner. They choose a new King for the city; however it was not long that the Aztecs lived in tranquility. A horrible plague of smallpox quickly spread. The plague spread during the thirteenth month and lasted for seventy days, striking everywhere in the city. It was difficult for some to walk or even move. Many died from the disease, some died of hunger because they were incapable of searching for food. The text describes that the first cases were reported in Cuatlan. By the time the danger was recognized, the plague was so well established that nothing could halt it, and eventually it spread all the way to Chalco. Then its cruelty diminished considerably, though there were isolated cases for many months after. The Spaniards returned without mercy. This time however they had more forces, and resources, and better technology. Although the Aztecs had a previous disposition, they retaliated, being aware this time, of some of the Spaniards tactics. For example, discovered that the shots from the cannons always flew in a straight line, they no longer ran away in the line of fire. They ran to the right or left or in zigzags, not in front of the guns. After a great deal of battles and much bloodshed. The Aztecs eventually surrendered to the Spaniards. The Aztecs culture and civilization was eventually eradicated after the Spaniard burned the temples and destroyed their empires. In comparing the readings of The Broken Spears to some document excerpts, a large disparity is found. There were many actions that the Aztec’s took, that to some were considered barbaric. For instance, in The Conquest of New Spain, Diaz describes the Aztecs to be somewhat savage like. He mentioned that they would â€Å"tear out the palpitation heart, with the blood, they present as idols† and they would eat â€Å"arms and thighs at their ceremonial banquets†. However, The Broken Spears describes these actions as sacred sacrifices that were signs of respect and honor. These reasons alone prove why separate accounts help understand history. There is a saying that states: â€Å"There are two sides to every story. † The Broken Spears would be considered the other side How to cite Broken Spears, Papers

Employees Motivation on Organizational Performance - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Employees Motivation on Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction Motivations of the employees have a major role to play in ensuring the success of a business organization. The lack of motivation among the employees will result in the loss of the business profit. One of the major ways of motivation that can use in the business organizations is the use of effective supply chain management. The involvement of the employees in the supply chain works as a motivation for the employees and ensures employee motivation. This assignment highlights the background of the study, along with highlighting the project aim, objectives and the research questions. The various complex theories of the supply chain management are effective in ensuring that motivations of the employees are achieved. Motivation of the employees is important in order to ensure the success of the business organization. Employee motivation is achieved through a variety of factors. These include understanding and fulfilling the needs of the employees, along with ensuring that the employee nee ds are fulfilled. Moreover, various motivational theories are also used in order to improve upon the working capability. The supply chain management is one of the most important activities that are carried out in any business organization. Collaboration among the various components of the supply chain ensures the effectiveness of the supply chain. However, the supply chain and its effectiveness lie in the effective working of the employees of the business organization. The employees of the business organization need to work efficiently, in order to ensure the effective supply chain management. Among the various ways of motivations, the use of the effective supply chain to motivate the employees. It has been highlighted that effective communication has a key role to play in ensuring motivation among the employees as well as ensuring effective supply chain management. The clarity in communication ensures effective supply chain management thus ensuring motivation among the employees. The efficient supply chain enhances the business of the organization, thus resulting in the offering high incentives and re wards to the employees. This results in employee satisfaction and employee retention. However, in recent times it has been highlighted that the employees tend to lose motivation, pertaining to various factors. The assurance of workplace safety, the positive organizational behavior, along with effective supply chain management, ensures the achievement of employee motivation. The aim of the research is to use the supply chain management to enhance the motivation among the employees. The research also aims to use various theories in order to ensure enhance the supply chain management, in order to motivate the employees successfully. Research Objectives To analyze the effectiveness of the supply chain management, as a way of motivation To analyze how the efficiency of the supply chain management helps in motivating the employees To evaluate the use of theories that can be used to improve the performance of the employees To recommend various other ways to enhance motivation among the employee Research Questions How to use the effective supply chain management as a way of motivation How does effective supply chain help in motivating the employees What theories could be used to improve the performance of the employees What recommendations could be added to enhance motivation among the employees Literature review The key capacity of production network administration is to incorporate the arrangement of free market activity. Coordination and joint effort with the channel accomplices and with the clients are the essential components of the production network administration. Grosvold et al., (2014), have featured upon the significance of successful correspondence that can help in the effectiveness of the inventory network administration and in this way help to enhance the profitability. It is essential for every one of the individuals inside the production network administration share all key data that can help in successful correspondence process. This can help every other individual from store network administration to react proficiently as indicated by specific circumstance (Forsyth, 2006). As new item or administrations are being conveyed at slower rate, it empowers the laborers to act effectively as indicated by each circumstance along these lines help in the profitability of the associatio n. Combination of the store network administration is likewise one of the vital perspectives to lessen the cost of stock (Beske et al., 2014). Production network administration of Wal-Mart is one of the great cases to comprehend the significance of mix. Providers of Wal-Mart give them the most recent data identified with request of the item, which can help the organization to locate the best course of conveyance to the clients. Keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish the full level incorporation of production network administration, it is basic for every one of the specialists of the division to work productively with a specific end goal to conquer the test of Information sharing. It is additionally critical for them to take after a specific Protocol keeping in mind the end goal to have better method of correspondence among the inward network. (Beske Seuring 2014), have included the setting that coordinated effort among systems and laborers is one of the greatest quality in-store network administration. All the significant driving organizations give abnormal state of preparing to the labourers keeping in mind the end goal to inspire them to keep up cooperation and incorporation that can at last help in better efficiency of store network administration. It is additionally critical for the labourers to have most recent information and data identified with store network so as to viably convey the item. The y additionally need data identified with request inside the client gatherings, so as to give fantastic administration. The examination paper of (Beske Seuring 2014) featured upon the significance of ramifications of Sustainable store network administration hones that can enhance the efficiency of an association. The general rate of generation and the merchandise that is being conveyed to the clients are totally subject to execution of the production network administration. As indicated by (Turker Altuntas 2014), the practical inventory network administration can be viewed as one of the significant components to enhance the general efficiency and furthermore keep up abnormal state of worker inspiration. Inventory network administration is viewed as an imperative part in the general assembling process in the building firms. (Genovese et al., 2017), have said about the significance of green inventory network administration that is likewise one of the imperative parts to maintain the worker inspiration with the assistance of manageable advancement. Agreeing to (Collins Amabile 2009), it is imperative to concentrate upon worker inspiration with a specific end goal to enhance the general efficiency of an association. It is essential for the association in this setting to actualize successful hypothesis of representative inspiration with a specific end goal to make full utilization of the capability of the specialists. Dealing with the inspiration level of worker has been one of the significant difficulties of all pioneers inside an association. The abnormal state of representative inspiration can likewise lessen the turnover rate of specialists. It can be additionally said in the setting that there are distinctive ways that associations need to execute so as to propel diverse kind of laborers. There are diverse motivational hypotheses that are actualized by the association relying on the state of the work environment. There is the hypothesis of Hackman Oldham that propose that it is vital to enhance the destinations of a vocati on so as to enhance the aptitude level of the representatives (Osabiya, 2015). The research identified with reasonable production network administration is additionally a coordinated piece of representative inspiration (Ganta, 2014). It is essential to specify in the setting that with supportable business advancement it is feasible for the association to set up long-haul association with every one of their representatives. This solid relationship can be one of the main considerations that can help in the improvement procedure of representative inspiration. By and large, the hierarchical execution is totally reliant upon the motivational hypothesis that has been connected in setting of a circumstance. It is additionally critical to say in the setting that the best routine with regards to store network administration is identified with the manageable business improvement process. This can guarantee better profitability from the association in long-terms. The components of the practical production network administration are one of the fundamental parts of financia l improvement of the association. The profitability of inventory network administration is absolutely needy upon social and natural results of the exercises identified with systems administration (K. Roehrich, Grosvold Hoejmose, 2014). It is likewise vital to specify that the training identified with manageable production network is the best structures that can help in the issue identified with keeping up conventional exercises. As the components of Sustainable store network administration are executed inside the framework it is imperative for designing business structures to have better efficiency and put more in the general working. This venture is one of the ways to propel the providers and urge them to utilize ideal systems of the production network. This can be effectively conceivable in all types of store network administration exercises of substantial scale building firms that can help during the time spent managing the issue identified with most recent types of data. It is essential for these associations to have abnormal state of inspiration that can be kept up by putting more in the manageability of store network administration. With manageable practice inside the inventory network, it is conceivable to manage the test of the poor working execution of the laborers in production network division. According to (Pagelland Wu, 2009), significant development ability that is fundamental part to keep up supportability in production network and can likewise make positive administration state of mind towards the specialists. Administrative part of the production network administration is additionally a coordinated part that can keep up the maintainability and inspiration inside the store network administration work. Maslows theory of motivation Maslow's theory of motivation highlight the various needs among the employees at least be fulfilled by the employer in order to motivate them successfully. Maslow has identified the various needs of an employee in 5 stages (Beske, Land Seuring, 2014). The first stage highlights the physiological needs this includes the basic needs of food shelter and clothing. These needs have to be fulfilled by the employer in order to achieve motivation among the employees. When the physiological needs of the employees had fulfilled the next stage comes the safety needs. The safety needs include the physical safety workplace safety financial safety of the employees. These have to be insured by the employer in order to achieve employee motivation as well as employee retention. In the 3rd stage, the love need or the need of belongingness needs to be fulfilled by the employer. The needs of socialization love friendship have to be fulfilled by the employer in the next stage the esteem needs of an empl oyee has to be fulfilled. This includes self-respect exploring one's potential and fulfilling the aspirations of an employee. In the final stage in the self-actualization stage self-realization have to be ensured by the employer. If these needs are fulfilled by the employer when the employee is supposed to be motivated successfully employee motivation helps in retention of the employee. This also reduces the yearly turnover of the employees from a particular organization. Thus, motivation has a key role to play in ensuring that employee satisfaction and retention is carried out successfully. The research methodology employs the most appropriate research approach, research design, and research strategy and research philosophy. The research methodology has to be chosen diligently, such that the chosen research methodology matches with that of the chosen topic of research (Mackey Gass, 2015). For this research, the positivism research philosophy has been chosen, along with the deductive research approach and descriptive research design. These approaches will be explained below. Secondary data has been used for the purpose of data analysis. The researcher collected secondary data from various peer-reviewed journals, books, and articles (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). The selection of the most appropriate methodology is essential in order to ensure the research being carried out successfully. Research philosophy The selection of the research philosophy is important, as it assists in collecting the detailed information regarding the research topic. The research philosophy assists in explanation of the research topic in an appropriate manner (Flick, 2015). The researcher selects the positivism philosophy, in order to ensure that the research is carried out successfully (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). The positivism philosophy adheres to the factual knowledge, that is gained from the observation. When the researcher chooses the positivism philosophy, the researcher is expected to collect data and interpret them successfully. This is done through the objective approaches and using the findings of the research, that the researcher has collected using observations (Mackey Gass, 2015). The various types of research philosophies that are commonly used include positivism, interpretivism, and realism. Positivism supports the scientific research, whereas interpretivism is used for complex business re search. Realism is applicable in case of human beliefs and interactions (Flick, 2015). For the completion of this research, the positivism philosophy is used. This is because; it supports the researcher to work with the theories and facts, along with the theoretical information (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). This philosophy ensures that the discussion is carried out in a scientific manner. Moreover, it also helps in reducing misinterpretation of the data, collected for the research. Thus, for this particular research study, the researcher has selected the positivism philosophies. This has helped the researcher to carry out the research in a logical manner. The researcher does not prefer to use the realism and interpretivism. This is because the interpretivism philosophy is based on human perception. However, realism is based on the outcome of the study. Hence, the positivist approach could be best to analyze the need of supply chain management for achieving employee motivation. Research approach The research approach provides a framework for the research. The research approach is classified into two main categories. These include the inductive approach and the deductive approach. The researchers use the inductive research when they are unable to collect sufficient data from the various available sources. This approach follows and focuses on building of new theories (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). However, in the deductive research approach, the practical application of the various theories related to the research topic is used. Using this research approach, the researcher is able to collect secondary data. From the collected data, new concepts could be building, with more specifications. For carrying out this research, the deductive approach has been selected (Flick, 2015). For this research, the deductive approach has been used (Mackey Gass, 2015). The deductive approach takes the help of the existing theories and models that are related to the selected topic. The inducti ve method is not chosen by the researcher, since development of new theories and models cannot be provided by the researcher, in order to mold the research in the direction, which will facilitate the research work. The research designs that are usually followed by the researchers include the descriptive design, explanatory design, and exploratory design. Using the descriptive design, a detailed research is carried out by the researcher on the given topic. The exploratory design helps the researcher to conduct the initial stages of the study that are based on hypothesis (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). The explanatory research design helps in development of relation between two existing variables. For this research, the researcher has chosen the descriptive design. The researcher has chosen the descriptive design for this research. The researcher has been able to develop in-depth idea of various theories and models (Flick, 2015). This research design has also helped the researcher to critically analyze the need of supply chain management for the achievement of the employee motivation. Research strategy The various research strategies that are undertaken by the researcher includes case studies, focus groups, survey methods, interview questions and secondary research. In this research, the researcher chooses the secondary research on the related topic (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). Various peer-reviewed books and journals have been reviewed for secondary data collection. The importance of motivation lies in the fact that effective motivation the employees are able to work successfully in a business organization along with achievement of the Employee satisfaction and retention. Thus, motivating the employees successfully is important and essential for any business organization. Without motivation, the employees will not be aligned to work towards the achievement of the organizational goals. The supply chain is used as an effective way motivating Employees with the efficiency in the supply chain, communication, and collaboration among the employees enhance the interpersonal relationships among them along with ensuring that the supply chain is efficient in supplying all the goods and services to the customers without any delay. Moreover, with efficient supply chain the business of an organization is likely to increase does result in my rewards and incentives are given to the Employees. These rewards and incentives intern act as a motivation for the employees does achieving employee retention and employee satisfaction. Conclusion Motivational of the employees is an essential factor that has a key role to play in ensuring employee satisfaction and employee retention in any business organization. Motivating employees could be done by successfully fulfilling the needs of the employees along with giving them rewards and monetary benefits for the high performance that they give in fulfilling the goals of the business organization. It is important that the employees of any business organization are motivated successfully to work towards a common goal that is set by the organization. Supply chain management is one of the essential factors of imbibing motivation among the employees. In order to ensure efficiency in the supply chain management clarity in communication and collaboration among the employees has to be done, thus enhancing the employee interpersonal relationship. Efficient supply chain management the business of the organization is likely to be enhanced does earn high profit and giving high incentive and monetary rewards to the Employees resulting in employee satisfaction employee retention and finally employee motivation.Hence employee motivation an efficient Supply Chain Management related to each other without the successful fulfillment of the other. References Beske, P., Seuring, S. (2014). Putting sustainability into supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: an international journal, 19(3), 322-331. Beske, P., Land, A., Seuring, S. (2014). Sustainable supply chain management practices and dynamic capabilities in the food industry: A critical analysis of the literature. International Journal of Production Economics, 152, 131-143. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions. European Journal of Operational Research, 233(2), 299-312. Collins, M. A., Amabile, T. M. (2009).I5 motivation and creativity.Handbook of creativity,297, 1051-1057. Engineering Management, 16(1), 22-23. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Forsyth, P. (2006). Motivating your staff [positive staff motivation]. Ganta, V. C. (2014). Motivation in the workplace to improve the employee performance.International Journal of Engineering Technology,2(6), 221-230. Genovese, A., Acquaye, A. A., Figueroa, A., Koh, S. L. (2017). Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications. Omega, 66, 344-357. Grosvold, J., U. Hoejmose, S., K. Roehrich, J. (2014). Squaring the circle: Management, measurement and performance of sustainability in supply chains.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(3), 292-305. Roehrich, J., Grosvold, J., U. Hoejmose, S. (2014). Reputational risks and sustainable supply chain management: Decision making under bounded rationality. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 34(5), 695-719. Manzoor, Q. A. (2012). Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), 1. Osabiya, B. J. (2015). The effect of employees motivation on organizational performance.Journal of public administration and policy research,7(4), 62-75 Pagell, M., Wu, Z. (2009).Building a more complete theory of sustainable supply chain management using case studies of 10 exemplars.Journal of supply chain management,45(2), 37-56. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Turker, D., Altuntas, C. (2014). Sustainable supply chain management in the fast fashion industry: An analysis of corporate reports. European Management Journal, 32(5), 837-849.

William Essay Example For Students

William Essay ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare was a great English playwright, dramatist and poet who livedduring the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Shakespeare isconsidered to be the greatest playwright of all time. No other writers playshave been produced so many times or read so widely in so many countries as his. Shakespeare was born to middle class parents. His father, John, was a Stratfordbusinessman. He was a glove maker who owned a leather shop. John Shakespeare wasa well known and respected man in the town. He held several important localgovernmental positions. William Shakespeares mother was Mary Arden. Though shewas the daughter of a local farmer, she was related to a family of considerablewealth and social standing. Mary Arden and John Shakespeare were married in1557. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford in 1564. He was one of eightchildren. The Shakespeares were well respected prominent people. When WilliamShakespeare was about seven years old, he probably began attending the StratfordGrammar School with other boys of his social class. Students went to school yearround attending school for nine hours a day. The teachers were strictdisciplinarians. Though Shakespeare spent long hours at school, his boyhood wasprobably fascinating. Stratford was a lively town and during holidays, it wasknown to put on pageants and many popular shows. It also held several largefairs during the year. Stratford was a exciting place to live. Stratford alsohad fields and woods surrounding it giving William the opportunity to hunt andtrap small game. The River Avon which ran through the town allowed him to fishalso. Shakespeares poems and plays show his love of nature and rural lifewhich reflects his childhood. In London, Shakespeares career took off. It isbelieved that he may have become well known in London theatrical life by 1592. We will write a custom essay on William specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now By that time, he had joined one of the citys repertory theater companies. Thesecompanies were made up of a permanent cast of actors who presented differentplays week after week. The companies were commercial organizations that dependedon admission from their audience. Scholars know that Shakespeare belonged to oneof the most popular acting companies in London called The Lord ChamberlainsMen. Shakespeare was a leading member of the group from 1594 for the rest of hiscareer. By 1594, at least six of Shakespeares plays had been produced. DuringShakespeares life, there were two monarchs who ruled England. They were Henrythe eighth and Elizabeth the first. Both were impressed with Shakespeare whichmade his name known. There is evidence that he was a member of a travelingtheater group, and a schoolmaster. In 1594, he became an actor and playwrightfor Lord Chamberlains Men. In 1599, he became a part owner of the prosperousGlobe Theater. He also was a part owner of the Blackfriars Theater as of 1609. Shakespeare retired to Stratford in 1613 where he wrote many of his excellentplays. There are many reasons as to why William Shakespeare is so famous. He isgenerally considered to be both the greatest dramatist the world has ever knownas well as the finest poet who has written in the English language. Many reasonscan be given for Shakespeares enormous appeal. His fame basically is from hisgreat understanding of human nature. He was able to find universal humanqualities and put them in a dramatic situation creating characters that aretimeless. Yet he had the ability to create characters that are highly individualhuman beings. Their struggles in life are universal. Sometimes they aresuccessful and sometimes their lives are full of pain, suffering, and failure. .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 , .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 .postImageUrl , .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 , .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6:hover , .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6:visited , .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6:active { border:0!important; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6:active , .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6 .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b14b79148656df2a0fd08ef80b54fe6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Grapes Of Wrath By Steinbeck (3635 words) EssayBiographies

The Beginnings of the American Red Cross

The Beginnings of the American Red Cross The American Red Cross is an organization of volunteers that provides humanitarian relief during disasters and helps people to become able to deal with emergencies. The formation of the American Red Cross can be traced back to the mid-nineteenth century. During this time, there was much bloodshed in the U.S. because of the Civil War. A woman by the name of Clara Barton provided on-scene care to many soldiers during the war and identified those that had fallen after it was over. Providing these services helped her to realize her true calling in life-that call being to respond to human need. After working with the International Red Cross in Europe during the Franco-Prussian War, Clara became inspired and eventually laid the foundation of the American Red Cross. Thus, the beginnings of the American Red Cross rest mainly on the shoulders of one woman, Clara Barton.Clara Barton was born December 25, 1821, at North Oxford Massachusetts."French mutilà © before being fitted with a mask by.. .She lived a childhood as any other girl during that era and became a school teacher at the age of seventeen. At the age of thirty-three, Clara had to give up school teaching because of trouble with her throat. She moved to Washington, D.C., where she became a copyist in the U.S. Patent Office. She eventually worked her way up to become the confidential clerk to the Commissioner of Patents, Charles Mason. She worked there until 1957 when President Buchanan ousted Mason and appointed a Democrat as Commissioner of Patents. The patent office invited Clara back in 1860. She jumped at the chance and picked up where she had left off. During her time in Washington, Barton had made many strong political relationships which would help her on her journey. One of those relationships was with Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts. After the...

Egyptian and Greek Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Egyptian and Greek Art History - Essay Example The earliest forms of art in Greece are found in the archaic era.   The different forms of art were pottery, sculpture, architecture, and painting.   In comparison to Egyptian art, the Greek art was underdeveloped. The Egyptians had already made breakthroughs in the construction of the pyramids by the time the Greeks started acknowledging architecture. The painting in Egypt is governed by the use of specific colours that have specific meanings. Egyptian art was limited to the use of six colours. This was not the case of early painting in Greek, which focused on pottery. Artists were allowed to express themselves freely.   Greek artists were allowed to be creative and pass a message using art. This was not the case in Egypt where artists were hired to work as a part of a team. The lead artists did not receive any credit for the work. All the credit went to the person who had commissioned the painting.   It also explains why most Egyptian paintings contained particular messages as opposed to Greek art, which was a free expression of the human form as the artist wanted it.   Civilization in Egypt was deeply rooted in religion, which explains why most works of art were inspired by religion.   Many artworks all through the history of Egypt represented gods and goddesses in Egyptian culture.   This led to the development of strict rules on how humans and gods can be represented in painting. Greek’s art was inspired by creativity, which is evidenced by the expressions seen in their sculptures.

Decision making models Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decision making models - Outline Example The essay will also attempt to identify the legal requirements relating to the collection, use and storage of data and information in the UK. Basically, the term decision making is used to describe the act of seeking information, interpreting that information and based on such perceptions, arriving at a conclusion in relation to strategic issues that affect the organisation (Simons & Thompson 1998:7 as cited in Schultz et al 2004). Vroom-Yetton- Jago’s normative decision making model is mainly based on the notion of taking people off their primary tasks in the organisation to participate in teams or other decision making activities and this may be a good gesture with regards to empowerment but it may also be costly as well if it is unnecessary (Vroom & Jago1988). Thus, the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model is a decision making model that gives the opportunity to the leader to first examine the situation then come up with an ideal style or level of engagement that can be adopted in the o rganisation. ... The leader also ought to have enough information about the problem as well as to be in a position to identify the structure of the problem. The leader will also need to be in a position to establish the probability of the level of commitment by the subordinates and their wish to share the same vision in the organisational goals that can be attained through problem solving. More importantly, the leader also ought to be in a position to identify any conflict that may exist and the level of information possessed by the subordinates that can be used to make sound decisions that will be beneficial to the organisation as a whole. Having gathered all the information using the above mentioned method, a leader can adopt any of the following decision making style depending on the nature of the decision to be made. In autocratic one, the leader can solve the problem using readily available information to him or her whilst in autocratic two, he or she may get additional information from the grou p members then make the decision alone (Vroom & Jago1988). Though different, these leadership styles show that there is an element of individualism in the leader in decision making. In consultative style one, the leader solicits for information from individual members in the group and makes a decision alone whilst in consultative two, the leader collectively shares the information with all the members of the group but will make the decisions alone. Again, in this case, there is an element of the leader making a decision alone after gathering information from the other members of the group. Finally, in group two, decision making is collective whereby the leader engages all the members of the group then they will make a decision as a group whereby the leader

The Social Patterns of Children During Play

The Social Patterns of Children During Play The purpose of the current study was to determine whether children exhibited a preference for solitary play, same gendered play, or opposite gendered play. The hypothesis was that both males and females would spend more time in gender-segregated play than engaging with opposite-gendered peers or in non-interactive play. Play is a vital contributor to the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children (Chea, Nelson, Ruben, 2001). One important component of childhood play is early peer interactions. The choices a child makes with regards to peer selection contribute to their development by determining the quality of their early social interactions. A number of factors must be taken into consideration when evaluating childrens social situations. Children can either play alone or with one or more peers. Solitary play can take a variety of forms, each carrying a different implication for the childs social experience. Social play can involve interactions with same gendered peers or with opposite-gendered peers. Each of these components contributes to the unique social experience each child encounters. Recent work has suggested that solitary play is not always an indicator of poor social skills. Motivations for solitary play vary and could include self-reflection or regulation, task-oriented motivations, personality characteristics, or an inability to engage with peers. Work by Moore, Everston, and Brophy (1974) has found that the majority of time children spend in solitary play is engaging in goal directed activities. These activities are beneficial for development. The researchers suggest that rather than being an immature and developmentally harmful method of play, this type of solitary play represents independence and task orientated behaviour that should be seen as indicating maturity. It has been suggested that the category of interaction that Parten (1932) referred to as parallel interaction is a more immature form of play than solitary play rather than an intermediate step towards cooperative play (Johnson, Ershler, Bell, 1980). This type of interaction is more frequently exhibited in younger children. Research suggests that in many situations it acts as a bridge to cooperative group play, and is often only engaged in for a very short period of time (Smith, 1978). The parallel interaction initiates communication with the child and leads to cooperative play. If the attempt to open up an interaction fails, the child may resort to parallel play again. Extensive time spent in parallel play may indicate poor social skills (Pellegrinin Bjorklund, 1998). As children develop, they generally spend more time in cooperative play with their peers. Research by Smith found that solitary play decreased throughout the preschool period. Another study by Rubin, Watson, and Jambor (1978) found that preschool children engaged in significantly more solitary play and less group play than children at the kindergarten level. As a child spends more time in cooperative play, peer selection becomes an important component of their social experience. The decisions a child makes regarding those they play with contribute to their development by determining the quality and characteristics of their social interactions. Participants The participants in the study were 10 students from Dr. Mary J. Wright University Laboratory School. The 10 participants consisted of 5 males and 5 females. The students were from the Five-Afternoon Kindergarten class and all participants were four years old. All of the participants were Caucasian and from the middle to upper socio-economic class. During all four of the one hour observations there were approximately fourteen children including the participants and approximately six adults were present. There were child-initiated activities which included playing with Lego or blocks, drawing and colouring, and playing with various toys. There were also teacher-guided activities that included book reading, show and tell, and arts and crafts. Observational Procedure The participants were observed using a play partner index, which catalogued the different play partners that the children engaged with. This index had six different categories, which were: same gender play, opposite gender play, male parallel play, female parallel play, goal oriented play, and non-goal oriented play. The participants were timed in 30-second intervals using the stopwatch program on a cell phone. All of the participants were monitored from an observation room, which contained headphones, chairs, a writing table and a one-way mirror used to observe the children without disturbing their play. The students were observed in the Mary Wright Classroom during the child-initiated and teacher guided activates. Each child was observed one child at a time for 20 intervals of 30 seconds, and recorded the category of play that the child was engaging in. For example if a student was near another female student but not directly interacting with her, it would be recorded as female par allel play. Results The type of social play that each target student engaged in was recorded in 20, 30-second intervals for 10 minutes. The total numbers of intervals were added up for each participant and the participant was labeled by the condition that they spend the most time in. In the single case of an equal number of intervals between two categories, each category was assigned 0.5. There were no significant differences that were reported between the play categories for males or female. Both genders spent the majority of their time engaging in solitary play. There was only one child who demonstrated any sort of preference for opposite gendered play, and even in that case, only 50% of the participants total interactions within the ten-minute period were within this category. These results can clearly be seen in Figure 1 on the tables page at the end of the paper. There are many possible reasons for the failure to demonstrate significant results, such as sampling issues, environmental factors, and the transitory characteristic of the age range observed. Discussion The hypothesis was that that both males and females would spend more time in playing with children of their own gender than interacting with opposite-gendered peers or in non-interactive play. The results failed to support the hypothesis. No significant relationship was found between the categories for males or females. Research by Smith (1978) has demonstrated that solitary play decreases throughout the preschool period, as children begin to engage more with their peers. The children were in their later years of preschool and they failed to show this preference for social interaction. It is possible that the children in the current study have not yet made this transition. The age range considered represents the transitory stage, and this may contribute to the lack of significance in the results. Furthermore, research by Rubin, Watson, and Jambor (1978) considered preschool aged children compared to kindergarten children, and found that kindergarten aged children spent much more time in group play than the preschoolers. The children in the current study were on the older end of the age bracket for preschool but had not yet reached kindergarten. These children may have been too young to begin to demonstrate the preference for cooperative play that was exhibited in these studies. This research is of significant value to schools, daycare, parents, or anybody interacting with children on a regular basis. Being aware of the dominant social patterns for each age group can allow caregivers to identify children who may be diverging from the norm. If children fail to engage in positive interactions with their peers or tend to engage in long periods of parallel play, they may be developing poor social skills. Caregivers who can identify these children can then assist them in working towards positive relationships with their peers. Knowing the beneficial forms of solitary play can allow caregivers to provide children with stimulating activities that can assist them in their development, and monitor children for extensive periods of time spent in non goal-directed behaviour. Each child has independent needs when it comes to social behaviours. Being aware of the trends and risks can allow caregivers to meet the unique needs of each child. There are many extensions that can be made to provide further insight into social patterns in children. For example, the family situation and siblings in particular may influence social preferences exhibited in children. Some children may enjoy playing by themselves because they come from a larger family of many siblings and desire time alone. The opposite may also be true. In regards to gender preferences, children may gravitate towards peers that are the same gender of their siblings. For instance, a young girl who has three brothers and no sisters may demonstrate a preference for male play partners. The impact of being an only child could be considered, as well as the effect of a participant with mixed siblings. Patterns between siblings and peer interactions could be investigated. As research continues to shed light on the social patterns of children, caregivers of all kinds will become more able to meet the needs of each child. Their unique traits can be appreciated and specific personal weaknesses can be attended to. As social beings, it is vital that humans be socially adjusted in order for them to reach their full potential and experience overall wellbeing. This research allows for increased insight that can ensure children are provided with the opportunity to achieve this goal and experience a positive social environment that is beneficial to their development.

Chinese Literature Essay

1. Shang Dynasty (about 1700-1050 BC) Development of Chinese Writing * Historical record and archaeological evidence are present in this era. * Hieroglyphic writing system later evolved into ideographic and partly-phonetic Chinese characters. 2. Zhou Dynasty (1045-255 BC) Basic Philosophical and Religious Literature * The great literary works of philosophy and religion that became the basis for Chinese religious and social belief stem from what is called the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476) and the Warring States Period (475-221). * Taoism, Confucian literature, and other prominent religious and philosophical schools all emerged during these two periods or the so called â€Å"One Hundred Schools of Thought.† * They say that most of the philosophical and religious works of that time were destroyed. If there were great fictional books created, they have been lost. 3. Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) Literary Disaster and Legalism * A big philosophical and religious school then was called Mohism. * An early form of Buddhism was also established in China at that time. * The emperor wanted to reduce and destroy the â€Å"One Hundred Schools of Thought† * So the â€Å"Book Burning and Burial of Scholars† was a literary disaster. * The Qin Dynasty standardized the written Classical Language. * The Qin Emperor favored a philosophical school that was called Legalism (æ ³â€¢Ã¥ ® ¶). 4. Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) Scientific and Historical Texts * Confucian texts were rewritten and republished. Confucianism was mixed with the Legalism philosophy of Li Si. * Sima Qian wrote Historical Records that is a major history concerning the overall history of China from before the Shang Dynasty until the Han Dynasty. * The Han Dynasty era was one of the two main hotspot eras for scientific and technical advance. * Two or three mathematical texts showing advanced mathematics for the times were written. 5. Tang Dynasty (618-907) Early Woodblock Printing and Poetry * This era’s main contribution to Chinese literature was in the poetry of Dufu, Li Bai and many other poets. 6. Song Dynasty (960-1279) Early Woodblock Printing, Travel Literature, Poetry, Scientific Texts and the Neo-Confucian Classics * Has made remarkable scientific and technical advances. * Invention of movable type which helped to spread knowledge since printed material could be published more quickly and cheaply. * Travel literature in which authors wrote about their trips and about various destinations became popular perhaps because the texts could be cheaply bought. * The Confucian Classics were codified and used as test material for the entrance examination into the elite bureaucracy, advanced scientific texts and atlases were published, and important poems were written. * The Five Classics and Four Books were written in the written Classical Language which include: * * Five Classics: * The Book of Changes, * The Classic of Poetry, * The Record of Rites * The Classic of History, and * The Spring and Autumn Annals * Four Books: * The Analects of Confucius * The Doctrine of the Mean * The Great Learning * Analects of Confucius * .Shen Kuo (1031–1095) is said to have discovered the concepts of true north and magnetic declination towards the North Pole * Su Song (1020–1101) wrote a treatise called the Bencao Tujing with information on medicine, botany and zoology. * Song poet named Lu is thought to have written almost 10,000 poems. Su Tungpo is regarded as a great poet of the Northern Song era. Here is a stanza he wrote: â€Å"The moon rounds the red mansion Stoops to silk-pad doors Shines upon the sleepless Bearing no grudge Why does the moon tend to be full when people are apart?† 7. Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) Drama and Great Fictional Novels * An era whereof some historically renowned dramatic playwrights and novelists who wrote in vernacular language. * The Yuan â€Å"Zaju† style of opera was similar to their shadow plays. Perhaps the playwrights adopted the plots and the features. The music of the Zaju operas was called Yuan Qu (Yuan Music). * After the Yuan Dynasty, the operatic style developed into the Painted Faces style of Chinese opera that was popular until modern times. * Guan Hanqing is regarded as one of the best playwrights of the times. He wrote Midsummer Snow that was one of the most popular drama pieces. * The Romance of the Western Chamber was written by Wang Shifu. It is considered one of the best romantic dramas ever written in China. * Novels were another outstanding achievement of the Yuan era. 8. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Novels * The Journey to the West is based on the historical journey of a Buddhist to India during the Tang era to learn Buddhist teachings and bring back scriptures and information. 9. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) Novels and Pre-modern Literature * In the 19th century, foreign literature and the West became better known. In the middle of this era, the last of China’s four great classic novels was written called Dream of the Red Chamber (ç ´â€¦Ã¦ ¨â€œÃ¥ ¤ ¢); and near the end of the era, modernistic literature developed. * Educated Chinese had easier access to foreign literature, and they were more influenced by Western culture. Chinese Literatures 1. Chinese Classical Prose * Prose writing in ancient and pre-modern China differed from poetry in that it was less rigidly structured and wasn’t like verses in a song or like one of the common styles of poetry. But compared to English prose, literary prose before the year 1900 was often much more formalized. * Classical prose can be divided into three types called * Piantiwen style or parallel prose style is more formalized style of prose writing * Guwen style is less formal and more ancient style * Vernacular style which is used in operatic dramas and in the Four Classic Novels of Chinese literature. 2. Chinese Poetry * Poetry has been a favorite literary genre for thousands of years. Poetry isn’t taken very seriously in the West, especially in the last two hundred years, but Chinese ancient poetry is still read and ancient Chinese poets are honored. * There are Five Major Kinds of Major Ancient Poetic Styles * Shi è © © poems are composed of couplets. They are poems of two more coupled lines. The two lines of a couplet usually rhyme and match rhythmically and complement each other tonally. Modern Mandarin only has five tones, but ancient languages usually had more, so the tonal rhythms are generally lost. * Ci è ©Å¾ poetry can be described as poems that have patterns of syllables and tonal patterns. In making a Ci poetry, a poet chooses words that fit a specific pattern. These patterns may have once been part of a song. But the music has been lost. There are various patterns that provided affective settings for various effects or moods. * Ge æ ­Å' means song. Ge poems are the words to a song that can be sung. There were folk songs as well as songs composed by the literate and educated composers. * Qu æ› ² is the style of music and song in the operas or Mongol Music. The songs from the operas and popular songs were a poetic style that was also popular in later eras. The poetic style is freer of form. * Fuè ³ ¦ is the fifth major style of poetry . These are descriptive poems that contain both prose and couplets. These were popular about 1,500 years to 2,000 years ago. Often poets included rare or unusual written characters from preceding eras in their poems. * The greatest ancient poets are thought to lived in the Tang, Song, and Han eras. The following were considered to be the exemplary poets: * Du Fu (712-770) liked to write in a structured form of poetry that was called Lu Shi Ã¥ ¾â€¹Ã¨ © © or regulated poetry. He is thought of as one of the greatest realist poets of China. His poems reflect the hard realities of war, people dying next to rich rulers, and primitive rural life. Here is a famous ‘couplet: â€Å"Behind redden doors stink wine and meat; But upon the road die frozen men.† * Li Bai (701-762) liked to write in a free form poetry like that of more ancient times. This kind of poetry was called Gu Shi (Ã¥  ¤Ã¨ © ©). He wrote about places he visited and things he saw. He is described as a romantic poet. * Su Tungpo (1037-1101) is also called Su Shi. He is regarded as a great poet of the Northern Song era (960-1127). More than 2,000 of his poems survive. Here is a stanza he wrote: â€Å"The moon rounds the red mansion Stoops to silk-pad doors Shines upon the sleepless Bearing no grudge Why does the moon tend to be full when people are apart?† 3. Chinese Scientific Texts * Chinese science texts give an idea of the state of knowledge in the dynastic eras. During several eras,Chinese scientists and inventors led the world in various fields. * Suan Shu Shu (Computation and Numbers Book). It shows how to solve arithmetic problems that officials or people doing business face. * Jiuzhang Suanshu (Nine Chapter Computation Book). The book features basic algebra such as finding cube roots and square roots. Negative numbers are also used. * Zhoubi Suan Jing (The Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven) about astronomical problems. It is said text has a mathematical proof for the â€Å"Gougu Theorem† (å‹ ¾Ã¨â€š ¡Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã§ â€ ; a2 + b2 = c2) that is known as the Pythagorean Theorem in the West. A method of determining the distance of the sun from the earth by using a right angled triangle is described. * The second period of rapid scientific and technological advancement was the Song era. Two men in particular stand out: Shen Kuo (1031–1095) and Su Song (1020–1101) both wrote scientific treatises about their research and about various fields. 4. China’s Classic Novels * Four long fictional novels are usually thought to be the best novels in Chinese literature. And the following two novels set a standard for classical literary works. * The Romance of the Three Kingdoms The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a semi-historical work said to be written by Luo Guan Zhong. It is historical fiction about the lives and struggles of rulers and the wars at the end of the Han Dynasty and in the Three Kingdoms Period. The novel describes the machinations, court intrigues, and the shifting alliances of the three kingdoms that emerged from the Han Empire. * Water Margin Water Margin is about the lives and ideals of a group of characters who fought against the corrupt Song Dynasty that the Mongols conquered. It is said it was written in vernacular language by Shi Nai An. The setting of the novel is during the Northern Song Dynasty era before the northern part of the Song Empire was overrun by a northern tribe and before the Mongols conquered the whole area. Water Margin is reminiscent of the story of Robin Hood. Likewise, there may have been actual outlaws, and popular legends and stories later grew. But Water Margin is probably more fictional and less historically accurate than The Romance of the Three Kingdoms * The other two novels. * Journey to the West The long tale about a fantastic journey to the west of a group that went to India was written at a time that the Silk Road land routes were blocked by Mongol and Muslim countries. Perhaps one of the reasons the novel was popular was that people during the Ming era wanted to travel to the west, but they couldn’t. The latter Ming Dynasty was isolationist. In the novel, a great intelligent monkey and a small band of characters protects a defenseless monk during his journey. Buddha commissioned the monk to help India that had fallen into gross sin and immorality. The monkey and other characters have magical skills. Journey to the West is thought to have been published anonymously by Wu Cheng’en in the 16th century though scholars have doubt about the authorship. * The Dream of the Red Chamber The fourth major novel that made an impact on Chinese history and literature is The Dream of the Red Chamber. It was the last of the Four Classic Novels to be written. It is about the fortunes and lives of the people of two branches of a clan in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) era. The two families had adjacent compounds. It is appreciated because it gives a view into the lives of two ruling families of that time. One of the members of the clan was made a concubine of an emperor. But then the imperial court turned against the two families.

Do Children Read Purely For Enjoyment Education Essay

The term reading for pleasance is the 1 used most frequently in official British course of study paperss. Pleasure and enjoyment are both words that occur, for illustration, in England ‘s National Curriculum ( NC ) programmes of survey for reading ( DfEE/QCA, 1999: 46 ) . Reading is an of import first measure to personal development, and to societal, economic and civic life ( Holden, 2004 cited in Clark and Rumbold, 2006 ) . It allows us to larn â€Å" about other people, about history and societal surveies, linguistic communication, scientific discipline, mathematics, and the other content topics that must be mastered in school. The National Literacy Trust defined reading for pleasance as â€Å" reading that we do of our ain free will, expecting the satisfaction that we will acquire from the act of reading. It besides refers to reading that holding begun at person else ‘s petition we continue because we are interested in it † Nell ( 1988 ) , besides states that reading for pleasance is a signifier of drama that allows us to see other universes and functions in our imaginativeness. This is supported by Holden ( 2004 cited in Clark and Rumbold, 2006 ) who besides regarded reading as a â€Å" originative activity † that is far removed from the inactive chase it is often perceived to be. Others such as Graff ( 1992 ) have described reading for pleasance as an interpretative activity, which is shaped by the reader ‘s outlooks and experiences every bit good as by the societal contexts in which it takes topographic point. However, reading for pleasance could be described as being much more than merely a signifier of drama and escape ; it is besides a manner of linking with a text. Pullman ( 2004 ) , wrote on the characteristics that make reading pleasurable: â€Å" See the nature of what happens when we read a book†¦ It is n't like a talk: its like a conversation. There ‘s a back-and-forthness about it. The book proposes, the reader inquiries, the book responds, the reader considers. And we are active about the procedure†¦ We can plane or we can read it easy ; we can read every word, or we can jump long transitions ; we can read it in the order it presents itself, or we can read it in any order we please ; we can look at the last page foremost, or make up one's mind to wait for it ; we can set the book down and†¦ we can accede or we can differ. † This infusion has been taken from a Guardian article, and is written by the writer Phillip Pullman. He describes reading as a democratic activity because the reader can take charge of what they read. On the other manus, he states that theocracies have a narrow thought of what literacy is, in that they believe it contains merely one thing, and has merely one intent ( Pullman, 2004 ) . Although the article was most likely to hold been written with grownups in head, the infusion taken could be applied to readers of all ages. All definitions fit in with thought of reading for pleasance. Connecting with a text enables the reader to prosecute to the full in what they are reading. However, when engaged in a text we are able to see different universes and functions which can spread out our imaginativenesss.Are kids reading for pleasance?Harmonizing to Clark and Rumbold ( 2006 ) , research suggests that a turning figure of kids do non read for pleasance, and that there appears to be a diminution in the Numberss of kids reading for pleasance over clip. Between 2000 and 2009, on norm, the per centum of kids who reported reading for enjoyment day-to-day dropped by 5 % , from 69 % to 64 % ( OECD, 2010 ) . This signals the challenge for schools to prosecute immature people in reading activities that they find relevant and interesting. The primary purpose of the research conducted by Clark and Rumbold ( 2006 ) was to research reading for pleasance, with the chief focal point being on kids. Their research has been used a great trade within this paper for its relevancy to the assignment rubric. This determination is supported by grounds from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study ( PIRLS ) , which indicated that attitudes to reading hold declined somewhat in England ( in 2006 compared to 2001 ) ( Twist et al. 2007 cited in ESARD, 2012 ) . What was found highlighted that kids in England had less positive attitudes to reading than kids in most other states. It was besides identified that misss by and large enjoy reading more than boys. This is looked at, more in deepness, farther on in the paper. Additionally, a study by the publishing houses Pearson, who questioned instructors, identified that 74 % warned that students did non pass adequate clip reading outside the schoolroom ( BBC News, 2012 ) . Children ‘s writer Frank Cottrell Boyce highlights the issue by stating, â€Å" It ‘s worrying to believe that so many immature kids are non being inspired to pick up a good book and acquire lost in a narrative. † ( BBC News, 2012 ) . This highlights a clear demand to do certain that kids are being provided with the right types of books which stimulate their involvement, capture their imaginativeness and do them desire to turn the following page.Why do kids read?Evidence suggests that reading for pleasance is non ever cited as the chief ground for kids reading. Surveies have explored the issue of why kids read and there have been comparable consequences. The bulk of kids surveyed responded with accomplishments based grounds, grounds to make with acquisition and ap prehension, or emotional grounds ( ESARD, 2012 ) . This is supported by a study conducted by the National Literacy Trust ( NLT ) as portion of Reading Connects ( Clark and Foster, 2005 ) , who found that the bulk of kids emphasised accomplishments related grounds for reading. One-half of the kids said they read because it is a accomplishment for life and because it will assist them happen what they want or need to cognize. More male childs than misss reported that they read because it will assist them acquire a occupation or because they have to. Girls indicated that reading is fun, teaches them how other people live and because it gives them a interruption. However, a survey conducted by Dungworth et Al ( 2004 ) showed consequences that pointed more strongly towards pleasance being a ground for kids reading. This fitted in with the thought that reading was emotional, and related to the manner reading made them experience. Some kids besides said that they read because it was loosen uping. It should be noted that this study was merely conducted with twelvemonth 5 students and hence does non possibly demo a true representation of primary school kids of all ages. The literature suggests that there is a split between grounds why kids read. On the one manus there are the kids who read for enjoyment and for relaxation, whilst others do it chiefly because it is educational and enlightening. However, the bulk of kids do look to tilt towards more skill related grounds as to why they read. This indicates that the pleasance may be taken out of reading for them.The benefits linked with reading for pleasance?Research with kids has shown that reading for pleasance is positively linked with many benefits. Clark and Rumbold ( 2006:8-9 ) identified these chief countries as the benefits to reading for pleasance in the National Literacy Trust ‘s Reading for Pleasure: Reading attainment and composing ability ; Text comprehension and grammar ; Breadth of vocabulary ; Positive reading attitudes ; Greater self assurance as a reader ; Pleasure in reading in ulterior life ; General cognition ; A better apprehension of other civilizations ; Community engagement, and A greater penetration into human nature and decision-making Harmonizing to the National Literacy Trust, they are dedicated to constructing a literate state and emphasize the importance of reading for pleasance as one manner to progress literacy attainment in kids. Similarly, Clark and De Zoysa ( 2011 ) , who have been referred to below, besides focussed their research on immature people. Due to the complexness of some of the inquiries and constructs, they decided to curtail the age scope of take parting students to upper KS2 ( 9-11 old ages and older ) , hence the findings can non possibly be generalised to all students in lower KS2 and KS1. Reading for pleasance in KS1 and lower KS2 is an country that does necessitate more focal point and research. Clark and De Zoysa ( 2011 ) found a important positive relationship between enjoyment and attainment. This indicates that kids who read more are besides better readers. However, they made no deduction sing cause and consequence, hence higher attainment may take to more enjoyment of reading or greater enjoyment may take to higher attainment. In a big graduated table study, Clark ( 2011 ) likewise found that those who reported basking reading were six times more likely than those who did non bask reading to read above the expected degree for their age. In contrast, kids who reported non basking reading at all were 11 times more likely than those who enjoyed reading to read below the degree expected for their age. It was besides found that merely one in 10 kids who read seldom or ne'er, scored above the degree expected for their age compared with one in three of immature people who read everyday. This is once more strongly supported by PIRLS, who reported that â€Å" there is a strong association between the sum of reading for pleasance kids reported and their reading accomplishment. † Guthrie and Wigfield ( 2000 ) besides discovered that kids, who become engaged with reading, provide themselves with â€Å" spontaneous † larning chances that are tantamount to several old ages of instruction. They besides identified that kids with a positive attitude to reading are more likely to pattern the reading accomplishments they are larning at school. Similarly, like Clark and Rumbold ( 2006 ) , Guthrie and Wigfield have focussed chiefly on immature people, through discoursing occupied reading, with its attending being on the part of kids ‘s motive. In add-on to this, research has shown how developing a love of reading is of import for kids ‘s life opportunities. Harmonizing to the OECD ( 2002 ) , detecting ways to prosecute students in reading may be one of the most effectual ways to act upon societal alteration. Their analysis showed that students whose parents had the lowest occupational position, but who were extremely engaged in reading, obtained higher mean reading tonss than pupils whose parents had high or average occupational position but who were ill engaged in reading ( NUT, 2011 ) . â€Å" Reading for Pleasure † is a cardinal policy for the National Union of Teachers ( NUT, 2011:4 ) their usher proposes that, â€Å" the National Curriculum and its statutory appraisal system, Ofsted reviews and the answerability government, mark scene, school betterment and action programs all exert a important influence on what instructors do in the schoolroom. † As a consequence, reading for pleasance can be viewed as a luxury and occurs seldom in the schoolroom. Besides, the inclination towards utilizing infusions from books instead than whole texts for pattern and readying, the attraction and immediateness of a scope of digital media, the shrinking of school and public libraries and the clip demands of guaranting full course of study coverage have all gone against schools promoting students to read for pleasance. Other research into benefits of reading for pleasance has identified that kids who are read to everyday, at age three, have a vocabulary of a kid aged five which is about two months more advanced than those who are non ( Washbook and Waldfogel, 2010 ) . Furthermore, grounds besides illustrates that reading for pleasance can profit kids beyond the schoolroom and into their grownup life, hence enriching the universe around us. The International Reading Association ( 1999 ) believes that kids who enter the grownup universe in the twenty-first century will read and compose more than any other clip in history. They will necessitate advanced degrees of literacy to execute their occupations, run their families and conduct their personal lives etc. They deem literacy to be that of import that they will necessitate it to get by with â€Å" the inundation of information they will happen everyplace they turn. † This is supported by Hargreaves Macintyre ( 2005 ) who stated that hapless reading accomplishments show a relationship with deficiency of employment, lower rewards and fewer chances for promotion. Harmonizing to Clark and Rumbold ( 2006 ) , reading for pleasance has non been a immense research precedence. Nevertheless, surveies are roll uping that emphasise the importance of reading for pleasance, for both educational every bit good as personal development. These surveies show that advancing reading can hold a major impact on kids and their hereafter. However, it should be noted that the bulk of these surveies are based on connected research and would profit from a more strict attack.Motivation for readingResearch into reading has identified the importance of reading motive in explicating literacy behavior. Guthrie and Wigfield ( 2000 ) , define reading motive as. â€Å" the person ‘s personal ends, values and beliefs with respect to the subjects, procedures, and results of reading. † They suggest that reading motive is a multi-faceted â€Å" concept † that includes reading ends, intrinsic and extrinsic motive, self-efficacy and societal motive for reading. In add-on to this, the National Literacy Trust ( 2006 ) province that research has repeatedly shown that motive to read lessenings with age, particularly if kids ‘s attitudes towards reading become less positive ( McKenna et al, 1995 ) . Consequently if kids do non bask reading when they are immature, so they are improbable to make so when they get older. In motive research, research workers and practicians have focused chiefly on task-mastery orientation, i.e. wining at a undertaking. Persons with a public presentation orientation enterprise to maximize favorable ratings to their ability ( Thorkildsen and Nicholls, 1998 ) . Performance orientation is seen as extrinsic motive. It is associated with the usage of surface schemes for reading and desire to finish a undertaking instead than to understand or bask a text ( Meece and Miller, 1999 cited in Guthrie and Wigfield, 2000 ) . Wigfield and Guthrie ( 1997 cited in Guthrie and Wigfield, 2000 ) inform that extrinsic motive was made up of three facets. The first being reading for acknowledgment, this is the pleasance in having a touchable signifier of acknowledgment for success. Second, reading for classs, whereby a kid desires to be favorably evaluated by the instructor, and in conclusion competition in reading is the desire to surpass others in reading. In contrast, Ryan and Deci ( 2000 ) refer to intrinsic motive as battle in an activity that is based on personal involvement in an activity itself. Hidi ( 2000 ) , province that readers who are per se motivated are more likely to happen a assortment of subjects that involvement them, and benefit from an attach toing sense of pleasance. It should be noted that although the surveies by Meece and Miller ( 1999 ) , Thorkildsen and Nicholls ( 1998 ) , Ryan and Deci ( 2000 ) and Hidi ( 2000 ) focused chiefly on kids, they were conducted in America and hence attitudes towards reading may be different to those in the UK. However, a study carried out by the International Reading Association ( 1995 ) identified that like the UK, misss possessed more favorable attitudes than male childs at all class degrees. Self efficaciousness is another facet of reading motive. Bandura ( 1986 ) defines it as â€Å" people ‘s opinions of their capablenesss to organize and put to death class of action required to achieve designated types of public presentations. † An person ‘s beliefs about their capablenesss can act upon motive and behavior ( Bandura, 1982 ) . Therefore, in this context, it could be said that when a kid evaluates their ain competency in reading and, believes their attempts have been successful, their assurance is increased and willingness to seek similar and more ambitious books occurs. Additional surveies by Quirk et Al ( 2009 ) and Jackson ( 2002 ) have supported Bandura ‘s theory. Much research into this country has concluded that pupils with high intrinsic motive, a undertaking orientation, and high ego efficaciousness are comparatively active readers and high winners ( Guthrie et al, 2000 ) .Boys V. GirlsHarmonizing to ESARD ( 2012 ) surveies have revealed that boys enjoy reading less than misss. A study conducted by Clark and Douglas ( 2011 ) for The National Literacy Trust, identified that there has been a important spread between male childs and misss who enjoy reading. In 2005, 10.7 % more misss than male childs enjoyed reading ; by 2009 this had widened to 15 % . As a consequence of these statistics, Clark and Douglas ( 2011 ) made this bold statement: â€Å" Its deductions are important non merely for literacy but for male childs ‘ wider educational attainment and finally their life chances. † This statement stresses the importance of reading for enjoyment. Besides, despite a big figure of national publicities of reading, focused on male childs between 2005 and 2011, they are still non reading for pleasance every bit much as misss. Had these non occurred, the spread may hold been even wider. Schemes that have been introduced to promote male childs to read hold focussed on two attacks. Through programmes such as the National Literacy Trust ‘s Reading Champions undertaking, the purpose is to alter attitudes to reading. Besides, male childs are given the chance to read by being provided with free reading stuffs from strategies such as Boys into Books. Harmonizing to Maloney ( 2000 ) , the writer of Boys and Books: Building a Culture of Reading Around Our Boys, boys by and large similar to read books that reflect their image of themselves, peculiarly what they aspire to be and what they want to make, i.e. something that they can associate to. Besides, books that can do them laugh and appeal to their sense of mischievousness and fiction that focuses on action more than emotions. Interestingly, boys enjoy books that are portion of a series, such as the Harry Potter series as they appear to supply male childs with a sense of comfort and acquaintance. Possibly unsurprisingly, many male childs tend to be passionate about scientific discipline fiction and phantasy. Finally, newspapers, magazines, amusing books, athleticss cards and direction manuals, these are stuffs that are frequently non available in the schoolroom. Research suggests that when male childs read these stuffs, they do non see themselves to be reading at all, because thes e stuffs are non valued at school. It could be said that The National Literacy Trust provides reasonably valuable and dependable information. 17,089 students aged 8-16 from 112 schools from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales participated in the on-line study on immature people ‘s attitudes towards reading in November and December 2009. One piece of research that has been prevailing throughout looking at gender differences and reading for pleasance is that entree to reading stuffs for male child seems still to be an issue and seems to associate to parental attitudes towards reading. Clark and Douglas ( 2011 ) province that male childs are less likely to state that they have entree to a computing machine, magazines, newspapers or books compared with misss. Besides, whilst 79.1 % of misss say they have books of their ain at place, merely 66.5 % of male childs say they do. This indicates that there may be a demand for runs to turn to societal attitudes around male child ‘s reading, and the parental function in resource proviso suggests that parents may hold a function to play in turn toing the gender spread. Interestingly on arrangement more male childs read and appeared to bask reading more, nevertheless this is merely one category and can non be generalised to the population.The current criterion of instruction of reading in schoolsThe Literacy Guide for Primary Schools 2012-2013 announced that the criterion of instruction of literacy, in primary schools around the United Kingdom is better than it of all time has been. They province that schools are presenting lessons which are thorough, advanced and originative and, as a consequence kids are motivated and larning takes topographic point ( National Literacy Trust, 2012 ) . However, there was still one in five kids neglecting to accomplish the expected degree at Key Stage 2 in 2011. In footings of alteration, the new bill of exchange course of study for English ( 2012 cited in National Literacy Trust 2012 ) puts a strong accent on the instruction of systematic man-made phonics. Furthermore, the Teachers ‘ Standards require for all instructors to â€Å" show an apprehension of and take duty for advancing high criterions of literacy, articulacy and the right usage of Standard English. † ( DfEs, 2012 ) . Ofsted ( 2010 ) characterised excellence in reading by set uping phonic cognition and accomplishments and their application through reading, composing and comprehension of what they ‘re reading. Besides broadening and widening the scope and quality of reading, and eventually, heightening the instruction of reading by its application across the wider course of study. The 12 schools chosen for the Ofsted ( 2010 ) analyze all had above mean consequences in both KS1 and KS2. They represented a scope of cultural and socio economic backgrounds, and the schools were widely distributed and included urban and rural scenes. Although the sum of schools chosen is slightly little, the fact that they represent a spectrum of different backgrounds highlights the fact that any school can accomplish excellence in learning kids to read, and promote reading for pleasance. However, one unfavorable judgment of seting so much focal point on phonics and kids being tested on their reading at the age of six is that kids may be put off reading for pleasance ( Guardian, 2011 ) . The study dismisses past concerns sing frights about the consequence of structured acquisition and instruction on three and four twelvemonth olds by stating that they have small foundation. However, they make the strong point that some of the rules of man-made phonics, such as inflexibleness and adhering merely to decidable books until the kid no longer needs formal systematic phonics instruction, could present an â€Å" unreal ceiling and cut down the motive of kids who want to research books and take on the challenge of reading for themselves † ( Ofsted, 2010 ) . It is agreed that what is of import is that kids who struggle to get the critical accomplishments of blending and segmenting are given as much aid as possible ( Ofsted 2010 ) .Promoting reading for pleasance in the schoolroomAside from guaranting a deepness of capable cognition in the rules, theory and patterned advance of phonics, instructors need to â€Å" plunge the kids in a rich reading environment † by reading a broad scope of quality texts ( National Literacy Trust, 2012:4 ) . The NUT ( 2011 ) discusses the benefits of kids being read aloud to in the schoolroom. Surveies have shown that kids who are read to are more likely to make better in school both academically and socially. Alan Gibbon, writer and instructor, knows firsthand the benefits of effectual, reading aloud clip. In his ‘Reading for Pleasure ‘ usher, for the NUT, he states that reading aloud is about making a positive reading experience to prosecute the pupils. Therefore instructors need to pattern their enthusiasm for books and reading them. This can be achieved through executing the voices of the different characters in the books: inquiring inquiries every so frequently to happen out what everyone thinks might go on next to assist construct suspense and to do it more interesting for the hearers and, eventually, halting the narrative at an exciting point. This will do the hearer want to come back and read some more. On arrangement, the instructor demonstrated these accomplishments magnificently and it was apparent that the kids loved being read aloud to. It was clear that the instructor was familiar with the book as there was no stumbling over words and phrases which made it much more gratifying for the hearer. The voices were executed brightly and the kids were kept engaged and ever looked frontward to reading more. Obviously, supplying the kids regular clip to read self-chosen books mutely is besides truly of import. Schraw et Al ( 1998 cited in Clark and Rumbold 2006 ) found that there was a positive relationship between pick and affectional facets of reading, such as motive. Children are much more likely to take a book that looks interesting to them. Research from the United Kingdom Literacy Association ( UKLA ) highlighted the demand for quality clip for independent reading in the schoolroom. In school, it was observed, that the kids normally read mutely when they came into the schoolroom first thing in the forenoon, nevertheless, more clip is possibly needed whereby kids get a set sum of clip to read mutely as it appeared that the sum of kids reading for pleasance was comparatively low. One scheme to be considered is Drop Everything and Read ( DEAR ) ( NUT, 2011 ) . At a set clip of the hebdomad, everyone in the school ( including all staff ) , stops what they are making and read something they enjoy for 20/30 proceedingss. Finally reading publicity programmes need to be implemented that make reading an experience that is actively sought out by pupils ( Clark and Rumbold, 2006 ) . There is besides a demand for schools to recognize that a broad scope of reading stuffs will promote pupils to read. From pattern, it was made cognizant that schools tend to read aloud infusions instead than the whole book. A survey commissioned by the educational publishing house Heinemann, portion of Pearson Education, was the first wide-scale research into the usage of books in literacy instruction in the UK. The research involved over 500 primary learning staff from 500 schools in the state. Amazingly, 12 % of primary school instructors said they had ne'er read a complete book with their category. It appears that this depicts a distressing image of dependance on little infusions, instead than whole books, for literacy. The research besides identified that about two-thirds of instructors felt that reading merely extracts in category could potentially turn kids off reading, at the same clip a farther one in five say they saw grounds of this already go oning. It was besides found that six in 10 instructors believe that reading whole books in their schoolrooms would hold existent academic benefits on their students, both in test public presentation and academic success ( Edinger, 2009 ) . The job that appears to originate here is that if kids are n't acquiring the experience of reading whole books in category, they may ne'er acquire that grasp for them. Reading extracts merely, may besides intend that you are losing out on the best and most critical spots of a book.DecisionTo reason, the research suggests that there has been a little diminution in kids reading for pleasance. It is besides apparent that misss tend to read for enjoyment more so than male childs. However, there are spreads in this country, and more research is required. Male childs who do read are more likely to make so for skills-related grounds, such as, to assist them to acquire a occupation in the hereafter ( Clark and Foster, 2005 ) . It has besides been made evident that there are many benefits to reading for pleasance ; these include reading attainment, positive reading attitudes and greater ego assurance as a reader ( Clark and Rumbold, 2006 ) . There are assorted ways to acquire kids reading for pleasance in the schoolroom. Including the instructor reading aloud to them ; seting on the voices of the different characters and, halting to inquire inquiries associating to the book. Besides, giving the kids the chance to read mutely to themselves and giving them the freedom take their ain book. Finally, there are schemes presently in topographic point to promote kids to non merely read more but to besides read for pleasance. Overall the topic of reading for pleasance has been reasonably good researched. However, there are spreads. One subject that requires more focal point is whether higher attainment leads to more enjoyment of reading or greater enjoyment lead to higher attainment as there is small research in this country. Although the bulk of research workers province that kids who read more and, bask reading are better readers, there is no deduction of its causality. Besides, although there is grounds of research into the country of reading motive, much of it has been conducted in America and therefore it is unknown whether it can be made relevant to the UK. For this ground it would be interesting to carry on work in the UK to see if the findings are the same or if they differ.